Economic Growth with Nonrenewable and Sustainable Energy
Main Article Content
Abstract
Optimal depletion of nonrenewable energy added to the neoclassical model dampens economic growth as its price rises at the rate of the capital return. The present paper introduces sustainable energy requiring its own capital with the Inada condition requiring both energy inputs are necessary for production. Production is developed in terms of factor shares and price elasticities. Investment in sustainable energy offers relief from the rising nonrenewable price but lowers consumption or capital growth. Simulations of the U.S. economy foresee a smooth transition with growth paths depending on the two saving rates and factor price substitution.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Allen, R. G. D. Mathematical Analysis for Economists. St. Martin’s Press, 1938.
Barro, Robert, and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. Economic Growth. MIT Press, 1999.
Brock, William. “Economic Dynamics: An Optimal Control Framework.” The New Palgrave, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, Macmillan, 1987, pp. 721-726.
Copeland, Cassandra, and Henry Thompson. “Energy Input Interaction in US Production.” Review of Economic Analysis, 2022, pp. 525-541. DOI: 10.15353/rea.v14i4.3631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15353/rea.v14i4.3631
Dasgupta, P. S., and G. M. Heal. “The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resources.” Review of Economic Studies, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 3–28. DOI: 10.2307/2296369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2296369
Dixit, A., P. Hammond, and M. Hoel. “On Hartwick’s Rule for Regular Maximin Paths of Capital Accumulation and Resource Depletion.” Review of Economic Studies, vol. 47, 1980, pp. 551-556. http://hdl.handle.net/10.2307/2297306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297306
Faber, Malte, and John Proops. “Natural Resource Rents, Economic Dynamics, and Structural Change: A Capital Theoretic Approach.” Ecological Economics, vol. 8, 1993, pp. 17-44. DOI: 10.1016/0921-8009(93)90029-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(93)90029-6
Farzin, Y. H. “Optimal Saving Policy for Exhaustible Resource Economies.” Journal of Development Economics, vol. 58, 1999, pp. 149-184. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00107-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00107-2
Garg, Prem, and James Sweeney. “Optimal Growth with Depletable Resources.” Resources and Energy, vol. 1, 1978, pp. 43-56. DOI: 10.1016/0165-0572(78)90013-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0572(78)90013-0
Hamilton, Kirk. “Sustainable Development, the Hartwick Rule, and Optimal Growth.” Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 5, 1995, pp. 393-411. http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/BF00691576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00691576
Hartwick, J. “Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources.” American Economic Review, vol. 66, 1977, pp. 972-974.
Hartwick, J. “Natural Resources, National Accounting and Economic Depreciation.” Journal of Public Economics, vol. 43, 1990, pp. 291-304. DOI: 10.1016/0047-2727(90)90002-Y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(90)90002-Y
Hotelling, H. “The Economics of Exhaustible Resources.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 39, 1931, pp. 137-175. DOI: 10.1086/254195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/254195
Irumina-Vladu, Marina, and Henry Thompson. “Oil Depletion and Terms of Trade.” Keio Economic Studies, 2007, pp. 19-25.
Jones, Ron, and Stephen Easton. “Factor Intensities and Factor Substitution in General Equilibrium.” Journal of International Economics, vol. 15, 1983, pp. 65-99. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1996(83)90042-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(83)90042-9
Robinson, T. J. C. “Classical Foundations of the Contemporary Economic Theory of Nonrenewable Energy Resources.” Resources Policy, vol. 6, 1980, pp. 278-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(80)90015-X
Sato, Ryuzo, and Youngduk Kim. “Hartwick’s Rule and Economic Conservation Laws.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol. 26, 2002, pp. 437-449. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-1889(00)00055-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1889(00)00055-5
Solow, Robert. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, 1956, pp. 65-94. DOI: 10.2307/1884513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
Solow, Robert. “Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources.” Review of Economic Studies, vol. 41, 1974, pp. 29-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2296370
Stiglitz, Joseph. “Growth with Exhaustible Natural Resources: Efficient and Optimal Growth Paths.” Review of Economic Studies, vol. 41, 1974, pp. 123-137. DOI: 10.2307/2296377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2296377
Swan, Trevor. “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation.” Economic Record, vol. 32, 1956, pp. 234-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
Takayama, Akira. “On Theorems of General Competitive Equilibrium of Production and Trade: A Survey of Recent Developments in the Theory of International Trade.” Keio Economic Studies, vol. 19, 1982, pp. 1-38.
Takayama, Akira. Analytical Methods in Economics. University of Michigan Press, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11781
Thompson, Henry. “Complementarity in a Simple General Equilibrium Production Model.” Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 18, 1985, pp. 616-621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/135023
Thompson, Henry. “The Applied Theory of Energy Substitution in Production.” Energy Economics, vol. 28, 2006, pp. 410-425. DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2005.01.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.01.005
Thompson, Henry. “Economic Growth with a Nonrenewable Energy Resource.” Journal of Energy and Development, vol. 36, 2012, pp. 35-43.